, 2009 and Mattocks, 2002) Although,

we did not have gro

, 2009 and Mattocks, 2002). Although,

we did not have growth rates for our feeding trial animals, there are two studies showing that free-range chickens grew faster than chickens fed with only a grain-based diet ( Buchanan et al., 2007 and Ipek et al., 2009). The main feature of barn-raised corn-fed Caipirinha, and free-range Caipirinha chickens was their higher δ13C and δ15N values, in relation to the barn-raised corn–soybean-fed Caipirinha chickens ( Fig. 1). Although the isotopic equilibrium was not yet reached, the increase observed in stable isotopic values of barn-raised corn-fed Caipirinha click here chickens could be interpreted as a consequence of a change in the diet after 28 days ( Fig. Veliparib 1). The free-range Caipirinha chickens also received milled corn and their δ15N increase

with age was significantly higher than barn-raised corn-fed Caipirinha chickens ( Fig. 1). At 120 days, the δ15N values of free-range Caipirinha chickens were approximately 1‰ higher than the corn-fed chickens. At the isotopic equilibrium, the δ15Nn of the free-range chickens would be equal to 4.6‰, which would be 0.4‰ higher than the δ15Nn of the corn-fed chickens ( Table 3). Therefore, based on the above information, it is reasonable to speculate that milled corn alone would not be enough to justify the increase in the δ15N values observed in free-range chickens. The same 15N enrichment found here was found in free-range eggs relative to barn-laid eggs (Rogers, 2009 and Rossmann, 2001). However, it is important to speculate about

the causes for such differential increase in the δ15N values between free-range and barn-raised corn-fed chickens. One possibility is that the fractionation tissue-diet was different between chickens Etomidate under different diets, and also that this fractionation varied in time, as shown in our study. It has been shown that diets with different compositions may cause differences in tissue-diet fractionation (McCutchan et al., 2003, Pearson et al., 2003 and Vanderklift and Ponsard, 2003). This could be true in our case because the turnover time of free-range chickens was faster than the corn-fed chickens (Table 3), suggesting that free-range chickens were growing faster than the corn-fed chickens, as already discussed. This possible difference in the nutritional composition of the diets and the possible difference in chicken growth may lead to a different fractionation between tissue-diet that in turn would lead to different δ15N values between home-grown and corn-fed Caipirinha chickens ( McCutchan et al., 2003, Pearson et al., 2003 and Vanderklift and Ponsard, 2003). Another possibility is that the grass itself, and many soil invertebrates, such as earthworms and insects, can be an important additional protein source for free-range chickens (Fanatico, 2006, Ipek et al., 2009 and Mattocks, 2002).

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