21,24,25 Molecular genetic studies not only offer the possibility

21,24,25 Molecular genetic studies not only offer the possibility of unraveling the gene or genes responsible for heritability, but also widen our insights into the pathophysiological mechanism. Taking into account the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of depression, the results of these investigations provide the possibility of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical subtyping and differentiating patients of a diagnostic category according to underlying biological parameters. The recent finding on differing genotype distribution of the 5-HT2A receptor polymorphism in

patients with a seasonal pattern of episodes supports this view of genetic and etiological heterogeneity.26 Other approaches may Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical include the different risk for men and women, because it is still not ascertained

whether sex modifies the etiological impact of genetic factors. However, heritability seems to be significantly greater in women than in men,27 a fact that should be taken into account in future linkage and association studies. Biochemical basis of depression The enormous progress in the field of INCB28060 neuroscience in the 20th century brought us fascinating insights into the nature of mental processes. Starting with neuroanatomy and electrophysiology at the beginning of the 20th century, neuroscience now is an Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interdisciplinary field occupying many areas of biological investigations, ranging from molecular studies of cell and gene function to brain-imaging techniques, thus broadening our knowledge of the cellular and molecular machinery that regulates behavior.28 For a long time, and especially in the field of psychiatry, little was known about the biological substrates of the disorders and the work of Julius Axelrod, Arvid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Carlsson, and several other Nobel Prize winners has significantly contributed

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the understanding of brain function, and investigations of psychiatric disorders are now fully based in basic neuroscience. Synaptic transmission One of the most important advances in neuroscience was the pioneering work of Otto Loewi and other scientists, ie, that chemical transmission is the Metalloexopeptidase major means by which nerves communicate with one another. Today, it is well known that the pre- and postsynaptic events are highly regulated and are the basis for plasticity and learning within the central nervous system (CNS). Chemical transmission requires several steps including synthesis of the neurotransmitters, their storage in secretory vesicles, and their regulated release into the synaptic cleft between pre- and postsynaptic neurones, but also the termination of neurotransmitter action and the induction of the final cellular responses via different steps in the signal transduction cascade. Figure 1is a schematic representation of a synapse for classic neurotransmitters.

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