(A) CV curves of the as-prepared samples
in 0.1 M HClO4solution at 50 mV s−1, curves a to d: MnO2/PANI fabricated in 1, 0.05, and 0.02 M HClO4, and 0.1 M NaOH, respectively. Curve e: 500°C-treated MnO2/PANI fabricated in 0.02 M HClO4. (B) Charge–discharge curves of the MnO2/PANI composite in 0.1 M HClO4 solution at different current densities. (C) First 20 cycles of charge–discharge curves for the MnO2/PANI composite at the current density of 1 mA cm−2 (D) Dependence of capacitance of the MnO2/PANI composite on the charge–discharge cycles at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. The charge–discharge curves of MnO2/PANI fabricated in 0.02 M HClO4 were measured at various current densities (shown in Figure 6B). The E-t plots show symmetry, which indicate the reversible charge–discharge Wnt inhibitor review process of the MnO2/PANI composite. The specific capacitance of the sample can be calculated via the equation: C CP = i/|dE/dt|, where |dE/dt| is estimated from the slope of the discharging
curves. The capacitance of the composite at 2, 1, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2 mA cm−2 Ibrutinib ic50 achieves 159, 161, 170, 174, and 168 F g−1, respectively. Additionally, the discrepancy of the largest composite capacitance values estimated from discharging and CV curves is lower than 20%, which suggests the high credibility of both techniques. The stabilities of the samples were tested with 100 CV scan cycles (Additional file 1: Figure S3). After 100 cycles, the CV curves of PANI change
Dolutegravir research buy obviously and the capacitances decreased largely (Additional file 1: Figure S3 A, B). However, with the increase of MnO2, the CV curves change a little and even no capacitance decrease is observed (as shown in Additional file 1: Figure S3 C,D,E). Compared with PANI samples obtained at higher acid concentration, MnO2/PANI nanocomposites possess noticeable capacitive stability. To investigate the long-term stability of as-prepared MnO2/PANI nanocomposites, the charge–discharge test of 1,000 cycles was conducted at 1 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M HClO4. As shown in Figure 6C (first 20 cycles are shown for clearly observation), the E-t plots are symmetric in shape and have almost no change during the long-term test. From Figure 6D, it can be seen that the discrepancy of capacitance of MnO2/PANI during 2,000-cycle test is lower than 5%, and there is no evident capacitance decrease after 1,000 cycles. The stability of the MnO2/PANI composite is thought due to the protection of the shield-surrounded PANI and uniform dispersion of MnO2 particles, whereby avoiding severe particles conglomeration involved in the charge–discharge process [35, 36]. The facile synthesis and ideal electrochemical capacitive performance will probably give the composites a promising prospect in the application of supercapacitors. Conclusions A series of samples including MnO2/PANI composites and PANI nanofibers were successfully synthesized by the facile interfacial polymerization.