All together, the model provides a comprehensive account of how early and late stages of attention interact in the control of performance.”
“We
previously reported efficient transmission of the pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3N isolate in Indian rhesus macaques by intravenous and intrarectal inoculations, with a switch to CXCR4 coreceptor usage in similar to 50% of infected animals that progressed rapidly IPI145 cell line to disease. Since women continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV, we developed an animal model based on the intravaginal challenge of female rhesus monkeys with SHIVSF162P3N and sought to validate the utility of this model to study relevant aspects of HIV transmission and pathogenesis. The effect of viral dose on infection outcome was evaluated to determine the optimal conditions for the evaluation of HIV-1 preventive and therapeutic strategies. We found that the virus can successfully cross the vaginal mucosal surface to establish infection and induce disease with coreceptor switch, but with lower efficiencies compared Ispinesib research buy to intravenous and rectal transmissions. In contrast to intrarectal infection, peak and cumulative viral load over a 1 year-infection period were significantly greater in macaques exposed intravaginally to lower rather than higher inoculum doses.
Moreover, low and transient viremia was observed only in macaques that were challenged intravaginally twice within the same day with a high dose of virus, which can be seen as doubling the dose. Taken together, these results show that SHIVSF162P3N can successfully transmit across the genital mucosa, undergo coreceptor switch, and induce disease. However, the administered dose appears to impact SHIVSF162P3N vaginal infection outcome in an unexpected manner.”
“In the mammalian brain, the
majority of excitatory synapses are housed in micron-sized dendritic protrusions called spines, which can undergo rapid changes in shape and number in response to increased or decreased synaptic activity. These dynamic alterations in dendritic spines require precise control very of the actin cytoskeleton. Within spines, multidomain Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs) coordinate activation of their target Rho GTPases by a variety of pathways. In this review, we focus on the handful of disease-related Rho GEFs (Kalirin; Trio; Tiam1; P-Rex1,2; RasGRF1,2; Collybistin) localized at synapses and known to affect electrophysiology, spine morphology, and animal behavior. The goal is to integrate structure/function studies with measurements of synaptic function and behavioral phenotypes in animal models.”
“Speakers often do not state requests directly but employ innuendos such as Would you like to see my etchings? Though such indirectness seems puzzlingly inefficient, it can be explained by a theory of the strategic speaker, who seeks plausible deniability when he or she is uncertain of whether the hearer is cooperative or antagonistic.