Although the miRNA family constitutes only a minor fraction of the human
genome, they hold fundamental importance in diverse physiological and developmental processes due to their pleiotropic effects on the post-transcriptional regulation of many vital genes. This class of regulatory RNAs has also emerged as important players in carcinogenesis; most, if not all, cancer types have abnormal miRNA expression patterns. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), miRNA dysregulation plays a key role in mediating the pathogenicity of several etiologic risk factors and, more importantly, they promote a number of cancer-inducing signaling pathways. Recent studies have also demonstrated their potential values in the clinical management of HCC patients as some miRNAs may be used as prognostic selleck chemicals or diagnostic markers. The significance of miRNAs in liver carcinogenesis emphasizes their values as therapeutic targets, while technological advances in the delivery of miRNA has shed new possibilities for their use as novel therapeutic agents against HCC. In the past few decades, genome
research has established the fundamental importance of genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in the initiation and progression of human neoplasms. The recent discovery of microRNA (miRNA) put forward an alternate regulatory element, in which the www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html actions of miRNAs regulate cancer-inducing cellular genes post-transcriptionally. The founding member of miRNA, lin-4, was discovered in the larval development of Caenorhabditis this website elegans in 1993.1 Nevertheless, the role of small RNA in gene expression regulation had to await the discovery of a second miRNA member, let-7, 7 years later.2 Pioneering studies further revealed let-7 as a negative regulator of the RAS oncogene in human tumor cells.3 This discovery soon aroused tremendous efforts into the research of cancer-related miRNAs. By now,
miRNAs have been reported in a variety of organisms, ranging from viruses to mammals. To facilitate miRNA research, a miRNA registry (miRBase) has been established and is currently maintained by the University of Manchester.4 So far, 940 human miRNAs have been reported (miRBase release 15) and the list is still expanding. The family of miRNA constitutes about 1–3% of the human genome. Most miRNA genes are situated within the intergenic regions and have their own transcription units. About a quarter are located within exons or introns of other coding genes where their transcription is controlled by the host genes. MiRNAs can be transcribed as monocistronic transcripts or in polycistronic clusters; the latter involves several miRNAs situated on a single transcript being controlled by the same promoter (Fig. 1). In the nucleus, miRNA genes are transcribed as primary-miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) by RNA polymerase II (PolII).