Appl Phys Lett 2009, 94:252906–1-252906–3.CrossRef 42. Kohl AS, Conforto AB, Z’Graggen WJ, Lang A: An integration transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping technique using non-linear curve fitting. J Neurosci Meth 2006, 157:278–284.CrossRef
43. Kumar KV: Pseudo-second order models for the adsorption of safranin onto activated carbon: comparison of linear and non-linear regression methods. J Hazard Mater 2007, 142:564–567.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions HJQ carried out all of the experimental work, data analysis of the obtained experimental results, and drafting of the manuscript. KYC had played a vital role in assisting HJQ in high throughput screening the experimental work and data analysis as well as in revising and approving the submission of the final manuscript for publication. Both authors read and approved the final PLX4032 cost manuscript.”
“Background Absorption of external impact energy has long been a research topic with the pressing need from civil [1, 2] to military needs [3, 4]. In particular, effective absorption of mechanical energy at low-impact speed,
i.e., below 100 m/s is of great interest [5, 6]. As one of the major branches of fullerene family, the carbon nanotube (CNT) has demonstrated an outstanding mechanical energy dissipation ability through water-filled CNT [7], CNT forest and bundle [7], CNT/epoxy nanocomposites [8], CNT immersed in nonaqueous liquid [9], intercalating vertical alignment with aligned existing layered compounds [10], and sponge-like material containing self-assembled interconnected CNT skeletons [11], among others. The advantage lies within the CNTs’ intriguing mechanical properties, i.e., ultra-strong (Young’s modulus of 0.9 to 5.5 TPa [12–14] and tensile strength of 60 GPa [12]) and ultra-light, as well as
the tube structure which buckles upon external loadings [15]. Both theoretical modeling [16–18] and experiments [19–21] have proposed that the energy dissipation density of CNTs could be on the order of 200 J/cm3, about 1-2 order of magnitudes Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II over traditional engineering material [1]. Naturally, another branch of fullerene family with a spherical shape, i.e., the buckyball, also possesses excellent mechanical properties similar to CNTs. Man et al. [22] examined a C60 in collision with a graphite surface and found that the C60 would first deform into a disk-like structure and then recover to its original shape. It is also known that C60 has a decent damping ability by transferring impact energy to internal energy [23, 24]. This large deformation ability under compressive strain of C60 was also verified by Kaur et al. [25]. For higher impact energy, Zhang [26] employed C60/C320 to collide with mono/double layer graphene, and the penetration of graphene and the dissociation of buckyball were observed.