S8. The mutants orsAΔ and AN7903Δ lack production of violaceols. Fig. S9. Extracted ion chromatograms of metabolic extracts from the reference and ausAΔ strains. Fig. S10.1H NMR spectrum of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6. Fig. S11.1H NMR spectrum of dehydroaustinol in CDCl3. Fig. S12.1H NMR spectrum of arugosin A open form in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6. Table S1. PCR primers for Gateway assembly. Table S2. Oligonucleotide primers for diagnostic PCR. Table S3. Additional oligonucleotides used in the study. Table S4. The constructed Aspergillus nidulans PS-341 chemical structure strains have been
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“We are concerned regarding Chapter 11 of the draft British HIV Association (BHIVA) monitoring guidelines ‘Technical aspects of viral load testing’ [1]. This states that ‘based on available information, viral RNA in blood samples collected into EDTA tubes is stable for at least 2–3 days at room temperature, allowing transportation of the sample by post or collection over a weekend’. We believe that the references cited [2, 3] may not be applicable to current practice because they relate to the stability of HIV-1 RNA in whole blood in patients who, crucially, are not taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is
current concern regarding low-level viraemia in patients on ART LBH589 supplier Thiamet G [4] which is incompletely understood. We believe that time to processing of samples for HIV-1 RNA testing plays an important part in the genesis of low-level viraemia. At our HIV clinic in York we observed more patients on ART with detectable viral loads than expected and therefore conducted a service evaluation during March to May 2009. We took paired samples for HIV-1 RNA testing from 21 patients who had been stable on ART for 6 months. One sample had plasma separated in York Microbiology Department (York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust) prior to transportation to the virology lab in Leeds and the other was transported as whole blood in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) monovette tube. The mean time to local centrifugation was 4 hours and to processing at the virology lab was 28 hours. Samples were assayed using the Roche TaqMan v2.0 (COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, Roche Molecular Diagnostics, UK). We found that nine of 21 whole-blood samples (43%) had an HIV-1 viral load above 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, i.e. at a level where resistance testing or therapeutic drug monitoring would be instigated and treatment augmentation/switch considered [5]. In contrast, no separated sample had a viral load > 400 copies/mL. Twelve of 21 whole-blood samples (57%) had an HIV-1 viral load > 200 copies/mL, i.e.