The genome-to-protein system functions in a coordinated manner to

The genome-to-protein system functions in a coordinated manner to maintain metabolism and cell protein homeostasis. Quantitative proteomics has served as a helpful tool in the characterization of cellular processes or diseases, such as T2D in skeletal muscle [22], [23] and [24]. However, the use of primary tissue is a major limitation in clinical OMICS studies due to inter-individual variability since low technical

variability is essential when clinical material is studied [25] and [26]. Few studies have investigated the proteome of primary cultured myotubes derived from people with T2D [27]. For cell culture-based comparative Ruxolitinib solubility dmso proteomic studies, different methods have been used, such as the isobaric peptide tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), the metabolic labeling technique, stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), as well Ipilimumab mouse as the quantitative 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Quantitative data from SILAC has shown to be consistent with data obtained by 2-D DIGE [28]. However, due to the restriction on serum and amino acid content in the SILAC technology, 2-D DIGE can be used as a platform for accurate quantification of large number of cellular proteins through normalization at the individual protein level. Thus, we used

2-D DIGE, followed by the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) to identify intrinsic proteome differences in cultured myotubes derived from skeletal

muscle biopsies obtained from T2D patients. A cohort of age- and BMI-matched normal glucose tolerant NGT (10) and T2D (10) male volunteers were selected for study. Clinical characteristics, including morphometric measurements, urine analysis, Florfenicol blood chemistry and measurements of blood pressure, were assessed at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (Table 1). Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle. All protocols were approved by the ethical committee at Karolinska Institutet and informed consent was received by all participants. Satellite cells were isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies derived from NGT and T2D individuals by trypsin-EDTA digestion and cultured as described previously [29]. Myoblasts were propagated in growth medium (F12/DMEM, 20% FBS, 1% PeSt and 1% fungizone) (Gibco, Invitrogen, Sweden), and differentiated at >80% confluence in medium (DMEM-1 g/L glucose, 2% FBS, 1% PeSt and 1% Fungizone). Experiments presented in this study were performed on cultured myoblasts (passages 2–5 of cell cultures derived from either T2D patients or NGT individuals, with no skewed distribution between the groups on number of passages), that were differentiated at >80% confluence in a 150 mm Petri dish for 6 days and serum-starved for 24 h prior to harvest. For the metabolic assays, myoblasts were seeded in 6 well plates, and differentiated at >80% confluence.

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