This is an improvement in

This is an improvement in sensitivity compared with recent reports on detection of Salmonella. Live Salmonella cells were detected from

spiked lettuce samples at the concentration of 101 CFU/g with 12-h enrichment [34]. Another study reported that the detection limit of PMA-LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) was 6.1 × 103-104 CFU/g in spiked produce and PMA-PCR was up to 100-fold less sensitive compared with qPCR assay [32]. It is noteworthy to mention that this PMA-qPCR assay reported here appears to be https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mm-102.html more sensitive. Two factors might explain this: first, it may be due to the qPCR assay we developed in this study, which offers higher sensitivity with detection limit as low as 3 CFU; whereas the two previous assays used longer amplicons (269 bp and 285 bp) in their qPCR assays [32, 34], which

would make the qPCR assay less efficient {Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|buy Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library ic50|Anti-cancer Compound Library price|Anti-cancer Compound Library cost|Anti-cancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-cancer Compound Library purchase|Anti-cancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-cancer Compound Library research buy|Anti-cancer Compound Library order|Anti-cancer Compound Library mouse|Anti-cancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-cancer Compound Library mw|Anti-cancer Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-cancer Compound Library datasheet|Anti-cancer Compound Library supplier|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vitro|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell line|Anti-cancer Compound Library concentration|Anti-cancer Compound Library nmr|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vivo|Anti-cancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell assay|Anti-cancer Compound Library screening|Anti-cancer Compound Library high throughput|buy Anticancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library ic50|Anticancer Compound Library price|Anticancer Compound Library cost|Anticancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anticancer Compound Library purchase|Anticancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anticancer Compound Library research buy|Anticancer Compound Library order|Anticancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anticancer Compound Library datasheet|Anticancer Compound Library supplier|Anticancer Compound Library in vitro|Anticancer Compound Library cell line|Anticancer Compound Library concentration|Anticancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anticancer Compound Library cell assay|Anticancer Compound Library screening|Anticancer Compound Library high throughput|Anti-cancer Compound high throughput screening| compared with the assays with shorter amplicons; second, it might be due to the usage of our previously Torin 2 purchase modified PMA-treatment procedure, which was shown to increase the PMA-qPCR efficiency [21]. With this modified PMA-treatment procedure, not only could we achieve a relatively small C T value difference (0.5) between treated and untreated live cells (Figure 1A), but we were also able to obtain efficient inhibition (17-C T -value difference, 128,000-fold) of DNA amplification with dead cells (Figure 1B). These improvements made it possible for efficient Rebamipide and accurate differentiation

of live Salmonella cells from dead cells by this PMA-qPCR assay [37]. Furthermore, we have successfully applied this assay to detect live Salmonella cells from beef (Additional file 2: Table S2) and environmental water samples [41]. It may be applied to other food matrices as well, fostering improvement of accurate monitoring Salmonella. Conclusions We have developed a PMA-qPCR assay for selective detection of live Salmonella cells from dead cells in food. This assay is sensitive and specific and has been validated with a large number of Salmonella strains. We were able to differentiate live Salmonella cells from live/dead cell mixtures. This PMA-qPCR has been applied for selective detection of live Salmonella cells in spiked spinach. It allows selective detection of 30 CFU/g Salmonella from spiked spinach with 4-h enrichment. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of amplicon length on PMA-mediated inhibition of DNA amplification of dead cells. The limitation of this PMA-qPCR assay is that PMA treatment slightly increases the cost and reduces the sensitivity of PCR assay. Methods Bacterial strains Salmonella Enteritidis (SARB16) was used in designed experiments of optimization, sensitivity, and spinach spiking.

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