We all manifest depressive symptoms

after experiencing di

We all manifest depressive symptoms

after experiencing disappointment, or loss (for example, bereavement) and likewise hypomanic symptoms when feeling euphoric. A striking example is falling in love: in a. study of young adults who had recently fallen in love, subjects scored as high as BP-II subjects on a hypomania self- assessment scale.28 Normal subjects with an anxious, hypomanic/hyperthymic, or cyclothymic temperament Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Temperament is by definition a. persistent behavioral trait of normal persons, for instance behavioral inhibition (describing anxious temperament).30,31 In Three Seductive Ideas32 Kagan states that the modern assumption that anxiety is abnormal and maladaptive (p 19) is wrongheaded, arguing that ”The belief that humans can and should be free of anxiety is one of the distinguishing illusions in Western thought in this century“ (p 18). Of course, exactly the same may be said about, depressive and hypomanic phenomena. The author also stresses that psychological traits are not stable Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical structures hidden deep in the person’s core; they can change. This, too, is true for affective

temperaments. From a historical perspective, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Kraepelin’s basic states (Grundzustânde) correspond to temperamental and personality traits.33 Falrct34 and Kretschmer35 (on the basis of family studies) created a continuum from cyclothymic temperament via. cycloid personality to manic-depressive disorder. Kretschmer maintained that all transitions and variations could be observed in families and in an individual’s development over lifetime. Kretschmer’s cycloid personalities are very close to, and indeed overlap with, the cyclothymic disorder of DSM-IV. Akiskal’s well-known concepts of temperament Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and of a bipolar spectrum develop Kretschmer’s work; an interesting history of the notions of temperament is provided Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Akiskal et al.36 The modern development, of quantitative temperamental measures is very promising for clinical and epidemiological research into the continuum from normal to pathological mood changes. The GBI37,38 and the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS- A) of Akiskal

et al39 are instruments for self-assessment, and the GBI can be used for the diagnosis of normal temperament and of hypomanic or bipolar conditions. In Brazil, the TEMPS-A was shown to differentiate remitted Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase bipolar patients from the healthy relatives of bipolar patients and normal controls from the community.”40 The bipolar group scored highest on the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperament scales, whereas the healthy relatives took an intermediate position between the bipolar patients and the controls. The hyperthymic scale did not clearly differentiate between the groups. The factor PD98059 order structure seems to be transculturally stable.41 TEMPS-A cyclothymia and dysthymia were also found to correlate positively with creativity as assessed by the Baron-Welsh Art Scale.

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