94 However, between-participant variation may have confounded the between-trial comparisons; since the children were allowed to consume as they desired, those in the LGL group consumed lower amounts of total CHO, energy and dietary fibre and higher amounts of protein and fat at breakfast compared with the HGL group. Thus, the study design did not permit the examination of the independent effect of GL; decreased hunger prior to lunch in the LGL group may be ascribed to the higher protein and fat content of the LGL breakfast. An interesting observation of this study was that the children consumed more energy
at breakfast when the HGL test breakfast was served, despite the similar
hunger ratings before the two MDV3100 order breakfast meals. This may be attributed to the greater energy density of the HGL compared with LGL breakfast, since no difference was found in the amount of food consumed at breakfast between the LGL and HGL intervention groups. Therefore, LGI breakfast consumption may not only reduce food intake later in the PD-1/PD-L1 targets day, but also reduce energy intake at the breakfast meal. Further work in this area would be valuable and is required to support these findings. It should be noted that some studies have shown no effect of breakfast GI on satiety in young people. Following the consumption of HGI and LGI breakfasts matched for energy and
macronutrient content, no difference in perceived hunger was reported in overweight and non-overweight girls,65 although it is possible the 2-h postprandial period was too short for differences to emerge.86 In another study, refined and whole-grain breakfasts had a similar effect on satiation 2 h after consumption, with breakfast omission resulting in substantially higher hunger and tiredness levels.91 However, a standard amount of each breakfast was given to all children, independent of individual factors such as size, weight or usual breakfast habits. Furthermore, although breakfast meals were matched for Mephenoxalone energy content, the children were not instructed to consume all of the breakfast provided and only four of the 28 participants consumed the entire breakfast for both trials. The authors did not compare energy intake statistically between breakfast conditions, but noted that 11 children consumed the entire refined breakfast and left some whole-grain breakfast. Therefore, it appears that the children were equally as hungry after both breakfasts despite many of them consuming less energy during the whole-grain condition, again highlighting that this type of breakfast may be particularly satiating.