05, circular ANOVA). Previous V4 studies have shown that selective attention to a single stimulus inside an RF increases not only firing rates, but also gamma-band LFP power, MUA-LFP and MUA-MUA gamma-band coherence (Fries et al., 2001b, Fries et al., 2008 and Gregoriou et al., 2009). Indeed, we observed a significant average
increase (p < 0.001, bootstrap test) in MUA-LFP gamma PPC, with the majority of MUAs (p < 0.001, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html binomial test, n = 129) having higher gamma PPCs with attention inside their RF (Figures 6A–6D). This effect was strongest at a higher gamma frequency (∼60 Hz) than the observed 50 Hz peak in the SUA and MUA PPC spectrum (Figures 1D and 6B). Considering that the PPC is unbiased by spike count/rate and that the analyzed MUA data set was the same as in Fries et al. (2008), this result demonstrates unequivocally that the
previously reported effect of selective attention on gamma-band synchronization (Fries et al., 2001b and Fries et al., 2008) was not confounded by its effect on firing rates. We predicted that selective attention enhances gamma locking for isolated single units as well. Yet, we found an average decrease (p < 0.05, bootstrap test) in BS cells’ gamma PPCs, with only a minority of units (at 54 Hz, 23%, p < 0.05, multiple-comparison-corrected binomial test, n = 39) having a higher gamma PPC with attention inside their RF (Figures 6A, 6B, and 6E; see Figures S1D–S1F and S5 for monkeys see more M1 and M2). Selective attention had no detectable effect on the average NS cell gamma PPC (n.s., bootstrap test, n = 21), with approximately the same fraction of cells having a positive and negative PPC modulation with selective attention (Figures 6A, 6C, and 6E). To investigate whether the decrease in BS cell PPCs was also present
in the other units recorded from the same electrodes, we examined the same-site MUA’s PPC spectra. We found a significant increase in average gamma PPC for the same-site MUAs, both for same-site MUAs recorded from sites Rebamipide giving NS and BS cells (Figure 6F; p < 0.05, bootstrap test), without a significant difference to the attentional effect in PPC for all MUAs together. The negative (BS) and neutral (NS) effects of selective attention on gamma-band synchronization stood in sharp contrast to the attentional effect on single unit firing rates, which were increased by an average of 11.8% ± 3.7% (68.8% of cells positively modulated, n = 64) with attention inside the RF, with no significant difference between NS (14.1% ± 7.5% increase, 68.2% of cells positively modulated, n = 22) and BS cells (11.1% ± 4.2% increase, 70.0% positively modulated, n = 40). These findings raise the question why the positive modulation of MUA-LFP gamma PPC with selective attention was not mirrored in the SUA-LFP gamma PPC.