13 ± 0.06 μM), whereas Cuprizone and BCS had no visible effect
on the growth of the parasite, except at the higher concentration of BCS (32 μM) (Figure 4). The IC50 was similar to that of cultures in GFSRPMI (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.01 μM [7]). Neocuproine selectively chelates reduced copper ions (Cu1+) by bidentate ligation and can diffuse through the cell membrane, while BCS, which chelates Cu1+ and the oxidized copper ion Cu2+, cannot cross the selleck compound membrane. The cell membrane is permeable to Cuprizone, which chelates Cu2+ [11]. The finding that only Neocuproine inhibited development of the parasite effectively indicates that Cu1+, but not Cu2+, is involved in the mechanisms responsible for the growth arrest of the parasite. Figure 4 Eltanexor mw effect PD0332991 of various copper chelators on growth of asynchronous P. falciparum parasites. Parasites were cultured in
CDRPMI for 95 h in the presence of graded concentrations of the copper chelators Neocuproine, Cuprizone, and BCS; (*) indicates a significant difference versus no BCS. The IC50 of Neocuproine is 0.13 ± 0.06 μM. The effect of Cu1+ on the development of synchronized P. falciparum parasites at the ring stage was tested further by adding graded concentrations of Neocuproine to CDRPMI cultures, followed by culture for 28 h. Neocuproine arrested parasites during the ring–trophozoite–schizont stage progression, in a concentration-dependent manner similar to the results for cultures in GFSRPMI [7]. All stages of the parasite were observed at lower concentrations (0.025, 0.1, and 0.4 μM) at various levels, but only rings were observed at higher concentrations (1.6 μM) (Figure 5). Figure 5 Effect of Neocuproine
on growth of synchronized P. falciparum parasites. Synchronized parasites at the ring stage were cultured in CDRPMI for 28 h in the presence of graded concentrations of Neocuproine. Each developmental stage was counted after Giemsa staining. Levels of parasitemia were 7.60 ± 0.17 (0 μM Neocuproine), 7.44 ± 0.06 (0.025 μM), 7.63 ± 0.08 (0.1 μM), 7.08 ± 0.59 (0.4 μM), and 6.84 ± 0.37 (1.6 μM). The morphology of the rings observed in the presence of higher concentrations of Neocuproine and Oxymatrine the schizonts in the absence of Neocuproine is shown above graph. To determine the location of the target copper ions that are involved in the growth arrest of the parasite, and of the copper chelators involved in the interaction between the parasite and RBCs, an approach was applied in which PfRBCs and RBCs were treated separately and then mixed, similar to the experiments with TTM. PfRBCs at higher than 5% parasitemia were treated with the copper chelator Neocuproine, for 0.5 h and 2.5 h at room temperature. After washing, PfRBCs and uninfected RBCs were mixed at ratios of more than 1:10, and cultured for 95 h. Growth of P.