, 1999), pancreas (Askari et al., 2005), breast (Cakir et al., 2002), and gastric (Shin et al., 2007) cancers, all of which are adenocarcinomas. Studies investigating the influence of catecholamines on human HNSCC
cell proliferation, as in our case, are still scarce. Liu et al. (2008) have demonstrated that epinephrine stimulates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. This effect occurred via β-AR-dependent transactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Recently, Shang et al. (2009) have reported that the OSCC cell line TCa8113 expresses β2-AR and presents NE-induced proliferation, an effect that was also inhibited by propranolol. However, the authors presented no data concerning the expression of the β1-receptor subtype.
Here, constitutive expression of both β1- and β2-ARs in the three studied OSCC cell lines has been demonstrated. selleck chemical Collectively, Carfilzomib purchase the results obtained by us and by Shang et al. (2009) provide evidence that catecholamines such as NE may play an important role in the progression of oral cancer. Effects of cortisol on IL-6 expression differ according to the hormone dose. At different times, cortisol at a concentration compatible with physiological stress levels in humans (10 nM) enhanced IL-6 expression in SCC9, SCC15, and SCC25 cells, but these results were not significant. In contrast, cortisol concentrations closer to pharmacological levels (1000 nM) promoted reduction in IL-6 expression at all analyzed time points in SCC9 and SCC15 cells. These data suggest the possibility
of cortisol have a dual role on IL-6 expression in OSCC cell, in which doses that simulate physiological stress levels (e.g., 10 nM) could have a proinflammatory effect, while pharmacological doses inhibit the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on the expression of cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 have been reported previously (Hasan et 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase al., 2003 and Yano et al., 2006). Nevertheless, in these studies the cortisol was generally tested at pharmacological concentrations (1000 nM or more). Lutgendorf et al. (2003) also found different effects of cortisol on VEGF in ovarian carcinoma cells, depending on the hormone dose. In line with our results on IL-6, pharmacological doses of cortisol inhibited VEGF secretion, while cortisol simulating physiological stress levels (10 nM) induced significant increase in VEGF. Although some types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause antiproliferative effects and induce apoptosis in HNSCC cell lines (Thurnher et al., 2001 and Pelzmann et al., 2004), it seems that the effects of glucocorticoids on the growth of these cells are not as clear. For example, previous experiments with a high dose of hydrocortisone (3000 nM) did not reveal relevant effects on the HNSCC cell proliferation rate (Thurnher et al., 2001).