, 2006). Relevant factors are: shipping, due to globalization and increasing global exchange of goods, and associated expansions of ports and hinterland connections; energy generations, for example using large-scale offshore wind farms, and associated cable connections to the land; environmental regulations, such as CX 5461 designation of marine protected areas and the obligations for achieving
good ecological status in coastal seas. Other constraints relate to coastal defense, sand and gravel extraction, military, and all forms of cables and pipelines. Factors of direct economic significance relate marine aquaculture, fishing, mussel fishing, and tourism. An overarching issue in all planning exercises is anthropogenic climate change. Marine planning is confronted not only with ecological, hydrodynamic and morphological dynamics but also with significant social dynamics (cf., Kannen, 2012) – such as: Conflicting options for using coastal
space and resources; Cumulative impacts from the existing or developing usages; Competition of partially antagonistic perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders and public; Complexities arising from transnational levels and transboundary scales. These challenges request particular processes and pose specific information demands for planners and managers in order to attain a holistic understanding of the coastal sea as a system with a multitude of social and ecological interactions. However, these challenges are not independent Vildagliptin of each other and interfere in many ways. Spatial planning takes place on two different levels, namely on the management level and on the strategic level. Management Venetoclax supplier relates to the process by which human and material resources are harnessed to achieve a known goal within a known institutional structure. Strategic planning is related to governance
– understood as the regulating and moderating processes between parties beyond fixed decision structures. For management planning, goals and administrative mechanisms are usually well established and widely accepted (Olsen, 2003). Typical examples are the design of a specific wind farm, port extension measures, the installation of marine protected areas or specific environmental compensation measures. This type of planning is mostly a technical approach, which asks for specific data and information to support economic or political decisions. Scientific support for such planning includes the provision of specific data, such as consistent meteo-ocean data. An example is “CoastDat” (Geyer, 2013 and Weisse and Günther, 2007), which describes wind, currents and waves derived at high space-time detail in the North Sea (see also below in Section 5). This data set was used in ship-building design and offshore operation profiles and design, in offshore wind industries planning, or in setting-up oil-release fighting strategies (Weisse et al.