Additionally, we assessed whether participants had used other forms of tobacco (smokeless tobacco, bidis, kreteks, and hookah) in the 30 days prior to their assessment (yes or no). We measured nicotine dependence using a seven-item adolescent version of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ; Prokhorov et al., 2000; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, Ding, & kinase inhibitor Cisplatin Niaura, 1996). A total score was created by averaging all seven items (�� = 0.69), and higher scores represented more nicotine dependence. We also assessed nicotine dependence using the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS; Shiffman, Waters, & Hickcox, 2004), modified for use with adolescents based on input from the Tobacco Etiology Research Network (Nichter, Thompson, Shiffman, & Moscicki, 2002; Sterling et al., 2009).
The NDSS assesses an array of dependence symptomatology, including smoking to avoid withdrawal symptoms, craving, and increasing smoking to achieve similar effects (tolerance). Items in the current study were answered on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (not at all true) to 4 (very true). Scale scores were obtained by averaging responses to all items, with higher scores representing more nicotine dependence (�� = 0.93). Assessment of Other Substance Use Ever use of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances were queried (yes or no). Participants were also asked about the frequency of their use of alcohol and marijuana over the past 3 months (0 times, �� once a month, > once a month but < once a week, > once a week but not every day, everyday), using a modified version of the Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Involvement Scale (Moberg, 2000; Moberg & Hahn, 1991).
Alcohol-related problems were indexed using a measure modeled after the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders (Colder & Chassin, 1999). Participants were asked to respond to whether any of six negative consequences had happened to them within the past year (yes or no; e.g., ��had problem with, or complaints from, your family or friends�� and ��been in trouble at school or work��). Items were summed, with higher values suggestive of higher levels of alcohol-related problems (�� = 0.70). Assessment of Mental Health Correlates The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression inventory (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) was used to assess the frequency of past-week depressive symptoms, from 0 (rarely or none of the time) to 3 (most or all of the time).
Item scores were summed, and higher scores represent higher levels of depressive symptoms, with suggested adolescent clinical cutoffs of 22 for boys and 24 for girls (�� = 0.89; Lewinsohn, Rohde, & GSK-3 Seeley, 1998). Current anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (Clark & Watson, 1991; Watson et al., 1995). Adolescents rated the extent to which they had experienced each symptom in the past week, from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).