By utilizing single exponential decay fitting on the obtained curves, the averaged photoluminescence lifetimes of ATO and ATO-H-10 are calculated to be 537 and 618 ps, respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, the electrochemical reductive doping processes are carried out to produce hydrogenated ATO photoanodes to improve PEC water splitting efficiency. A -5-V bias voltage, with only 10 s of processing time, yields a substantially enhanced photocurrent density of 0.29 to
0.65 mA/cm2. IPCE results indicate that the enhanced STH efficiency in selleck chemicals llc ATO-H-10 is dominantly contributed by the improved photoactivities in the UV region. The electrochemically induced oxygen vacancies lead to increased donor density, which is responsible for the enhanced photocurrent with slightly increased parasitic recombination. This eco-friendly approach opens up a novel strategy for significantly improving the photoanode performance and provides potential for large-scale productions. Acknowledgements We thank Professor Xiangyang Kong for his helpful discussions and technical assistance. This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Selleckchem BVD-523 Foundation of China (grant nos. 61171043, 51077072, 11174308 and 51102271), Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (PT31045), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (11ZR1436300), and the Shanghai
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