g., Hasumi and Suginohara, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html 1999, Jayne and St. Laurent, 2001 and Friedrich et al., 2011). The majority of these studies are concerned about effects of vertical mixing in the deep ocean. Several studies have begun to explore how regional changes in κbκb impact the upper, tropical ocean. It has been recognized that, below the mixed layer and within the region in which κbκb is changed, the response of the stratification (temperature or density) is qualitatively consistent with changes
generated locally by the anomalous, vertical diffusive flux (e.g., Richards et al., 2009 and Jochum, 2009). Anomalies generated by such local processes are then propagated to other regions by advection, diffusion, or wave radiation. In particular, it has been suggested that off-equatorial effects of diffusion are propagated to the equator by the Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs; McCreary and Lu, 1994) through advection in the main pycnocline (e.g., Jochum, 2009, Tatebe and Hasumi, 2010 and Manucharyan et al., 2011). The equatorial stratification anomalies due to local and remote κbκb changes Bortezomib affect the climate state and
variability such as ENSO in atmosphere–ocean coupled models (Meehl et al., 2001, Richards et al., 2009, Jochum, 2009, Manucharyan et al., 2011 and Sasaki et al., 2013; Kim et al., in preparation). In this paper, we continue the effort to understand impacts of spatially-varying Vildagliptin vertical diffusion in the tropical Pacific. Our goal is to understand the basic processes by which the ocean responds both locally and remotely to changes in κbκb in different regions. For one thing, this knowledge allows the identification of regions where vertical mixing has the greatest impact on important aspects of the ocean state, such as tropical sea surface temperature (SST). For another, it will help in the development of new κbκb parameterizations, by allowing researchers to understand better how the parameterization will impact the ocean state. We consider κbκb anomalies
that are depth independent, the simplest choice when not dealing with particular mixing processes. (We will consider the impact of depth-dependent κbκb anomalies in a companion study; see the discussion at the end of Section 4.) Our approach is to obtain a set of OGCM solutions in which κbκb is increased from a standard value κ0κ0 to κ0+δκb(x,y)κ0+δκb(x,y) in spatially distinct subregions of the tropical Pacific, to assess the impact of those changes, and to diagnose the processes that cause them. A particular focus is on how δκbδκb affects the equatorial temperature structure, because the mean climate and its variability are known to be sensitive to that structure.