Grants from Eli Lilly and Novartis. Dr Cauley has received consultancy fees

The situation of a Caucasian liver transplant patient receiving a graft from an African subject. However, further studies meropenem are clearly needed to fully identify the possible genetic and non-genetic influences of both the donor and the recipient status in liver transplantation. Acknowledgments None. Funding This study was supported by Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT) and by University of Palermo. Conflicts of interests None to declare. References 1. Macphee I, Fredericks S, Tai T, Tacrolimus pharmacogenetics. Polymorphisms associated with expression of cytochrome P4503A5 and P-glycoprotein correlate with dose requirement. Transplantation. 2002;74:1486–9. 2. van Schaik RHN, Van der Heiden IP, Van den Anker JN, Lindemans J.
CYP3A5 variant allele frequencies in Dutch caucasians. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1668–71. 3. Dirks NL, Huth B, Yates CR, Meibohm B. Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective JNJ 26854165 p53 inhibitor on ethnic differences. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;42:701–18. 4. Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, von Richter O, Functional polymorphisms of the human multidrug-resistance gene: Multiple sequence variations and correlation of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:3473–8. 5. Kim RB, Leake BF, Choo EF, Identification of functionally variant MDR1 alleles among Europeans Americans and Africans Americans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;70:189–99. 6. Provenzani A, Notarbartolo M, Labbozzetta M, Poma P, Vizzini G, Salis P, Caccamo C, Bertani T, Palazzo U, Polidori P, Gridelli B, D’Alessandro N.
Influence of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and other factors on tacrolimus dosing in Caucasian liver and kidney transplant patients. Int Chondroitin 9007-28-7 J Mol Med. 2011;28:1093–102. 7. Bekersky I, Dressler D, Mekki QA. Dose linearity after oral administration of tacrolimus 1-mg capsules at doses of 3, 7, and 10 mg. Clin Ther. 1999;21:2058–64. 8. Wei-Lin W, Jing J, Shu-sen Z, Tacrolimus dose requirements in relation to donor and recipients ABCB1 and CYP3A5 gene buy Rhein polymorphisms in Chinese liver transplant patients. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:775–80. 9. Zhang Y, Benet LZ. The gut as a barrier to drug absorption. Combined role of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001;40:159–68. 10. Kuypers DR, de Jonge H, Naesens M, Lerut E, Verbeke K, Vanrenterghem Y.
CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 but not MDR1 single- nucleotide polymorphisms determine long-term tacrolimus disposition and drug-related nephrotoxicity in renal recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;82(6):711–25. 123 These fundings were unrelated to the study discussed in this manuscript. The University has also received investigator fee for inclusion and follow up of study prestige subjects in the trial discussed in the current manuscript. There was no compensation in relation to the current manuscript. Dr Eastell has received grant and honoraria for speaking and consultancy from Novartis, Amgen, Sanofi-Aventis, Lilly, Organon, Pfizer, and Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals. Dr Claessens states that he has no conflicts of interest to declare. Dr Vanderschueren is a senior clinical investigator supported by the Clinical Research Fund of the University Hospitals Leuven Dr Cosman has received honoraria for consulting, advising speaking from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck and Novartis and grants from Eli Lilly and Novartis. Dr Cauley has received consultancy fees and grants from Novartis and Merck.