Heavy grazing by sheep, cattle, and horses is correlated with altered fire regimes in many dry forests (Rummell, 1951, Savage and Swetnam, 1990 and Belsky and Blumenthal, 1997). However, low numbers of domestic grazing animals (primarily cattle) are recorded on the Reservation prior to the timber inventory and their activity centered along marshes and rivers (GPO, 1890, GPO, 1891 and Colville, 1898). In 1919, members of the Klamath Tribes owned ∼7000 cattle, 2500 horses, and no sheep; no grazing leases were offered to non-Tribal members (GPO, 1918). The inventory was completed in two phases: 1914–1919 and 1920–1922. Methods have been Ibrutinib purchase reconstructed
from the inventory record (NARA, 1914–1922) learn more (Appendix A: sample inventory records) and from an inventory report (NARA, 1914a and NARA, 1914b). The two periods differed in transect density, sample area represented by a single record, and in data recorded (Table 3). Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), and white fir (Abies grandis-Abies concolor) were inventoried from 1914 to 1919; all conifer species were inventoried from 1920 to 1922. Summaries of data collected after 1919 within each study area show that the species not included in the earlier cruise period represented minor components of conifer density ⩾15 cm dbh in each study area. The inventory represents a 10% (1914–1919) or 20% (1920–1922) sample of the forest in each study area. Conifers ⩾15 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)
were tallied by species. Trees 15–46 cm (1914–1919) or 15–41 cm (1920–1922) dbh were recorded as one size class. Larger trees were binned ID-8 in 5 cm interval diameter classes. An average diameter was recorded for trees in the 15–41 cm class from 1920 to 1922. Transect locations were tied to surveyed points in the BLM PLSS (Fig. 2, www.geocommunicator.gov). Transects were oriented north–south or east–west to facilitate travel across the terrain. Transects were two chains (40 m) wide and ran the length or width (typically 20 chains, 402 m) of a quarter-quarter section (∼16 ha). From 1914 to 1919, transects ran through the center of a quarter-quarter section, and each inventory sheet reflects the combined count of trees on all four transects per quarter section (∼64.7 ha). A total transect area of 6.5 ha per quarter section (4 × 1.6 ha) was inventoried yielding a 10% sample. From 1920 to 1922, cruisers ran two transects per quarter-quarter section and located each transect five chains (100 m) from the quarter-quarter section boundary. Tallies from each transect were recorded separately yielding a 20% sample per half quarter-quarter section (8 ha). From 1920 to 1922, cruisers adjusted area sampled to accommodate exceptionally high or low tree density.