Indeed, behavioral
studies have shown a rich diversity of olfactory-guided behaviors and tremendous odor sensitivity has been demonstrated. To allow fine-tuned behavioral responses, adaptations within the olfactory system of the Attini are expected. We compared the number, volumes and position of the glomeruli (functional units) of the antennal lobe of 25 different species from all three major Attini groups (lower, higher and leaf-cutting Attini). The antennal lobes of all investigated Attini comprise a high number of glomeruli (>257). The highest number (630) was found in Apterostigma cf. mayri. This species is at a basal position within the Attini phylogeny, and we suggest that a high number of glomeruli might have been advantageous in the evolution CB-839 concentration of the advanced olfactory systems of the Attini. In the leaf-cutting Attini, an extremely large glomerulus (macroglomerulus) near the antennal nerve entrance was recently described in two species. Preliminary results show that this macroglomerulus is in volved in processing of trail-pheromone information. In our comparative study, we find this macroglomerulus in all investigated leaf-cutting Attini, but in none of the lower and higher Attini species. It is found only in large workers, and
for all investigated species it is located close to the entrance of the antennal nerve. Our results indicate that the presence of a macroglomerulus in large workers of
leaf-cutting Attini is a derived over-expression VX-689 mw of a trait in the polymorphic leaf-cutting species. It presumably represents an olfactory adaptation to elaborate foraging and mass recruitment systems, and adds to the complexity of division of labor and social organization known for this group. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“In this study, the changes in the physico-chemical Properties of different high amylose maize starches, i.e., Hylon (R) VII, Hylon (R) V and IM-DS acetate starch, were studied prior and after heat treatment used in the preparation of film coatings (WO 2008/012573 A1).\n\nCharacterisation of the unprocessed maize starches was carried Out with regard to the outer particle morphology, particle size distribution, specific Surface area, moisture content, apparent particle density, LY2835219 mw swelling, polarised light microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction and modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (mDSC). Pure amylopectin and low amylopectin samples (LAPS) were also used to aid the interpretation of the results. The effect of heat processing was evaluated in terms of degree of crystallinity, FT-IR and mDSC. Enzymatic digestibility of both processed and unprocessed maize starches was estimated qualitatively using various alpha-amylases resembling those present under in vivo conditions.