Therefore, it has been proved that SSF is a fruitful method for the extraction/production of phenolics antioxidants from wheat. Cordyceps militaris was used by Zhang et al. [32] for the production of antioxidant supplements via SSF of wheat, however, with very less amount of improvement in antioxidant properties and 70% acetone EPZ5676 research buy was proved as the best extraction solvent. Comparisons in antioxidant properties of cereals results among individual research laboratories and groups are very difficult because different solvent systems and extracting conditions have been employed [20]. As fermented wheat was proved as a better source of antioxidant
phenolic components, it was used for the further study and two other extraction conditions were optimized. Solid-to-solvent ratio showed a significant effect for both TPC and DPPH scavenging
property as shown in Fig. 1(A). Among all the ratios, solid-to-solvent at 1:15 (w/v) exhibited highest amount of DPPH scavenging property as well as TPC for water extract of R. oryzae fermented wheat. Zhang et al. [32] and Bhanja et al. [2] used solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from fermented wheat. To our knowledge, there is no report available on the optimization of solid-to-solvent ratio for the extraction of phenolics from wheat or wheat based sample. Extraction time is crucial in minimizing energy and cost of the extraction process. Effect of extraction http://www.selleckchem.com/products/at13387.html time is shown in Fig. 1(B). Extraction time of 75 min was chosen as the optimum extraction time with maximum TPC of 8.33 mg GAE g−1 grain and DPPH scavenging property of 11.4 μmol TE g−1 grain. Liyana-Pathirana and Shahidi [8] optimized the conditions of phenolics extraction from whole grain wheat through response surface methodology (RSM) and found that the optimal condition for the total antioxidant activity of wheat was 54% ethanol as
solvent, 61 °C as extraction temperature and 64 min as extraction time. In the present study, water was selected for the most suitable extracting Avelestat (AZD9668) solvent because it is the cheapest solvent and water extract of cereal grain fractions are of greatest relevance to in vivo activity as they contain water soluble antioxidants and thus more bioaccessible from food matrix in the digestive tract [13]. The extraction yields and TPC of water extracts are shown in Table 2. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) extraction yield was found with ROFW [25.88%] than the UFW [6.07%]. Extraction yield was observed to be increased after SSF, which was mainly due to the fact that after colonization of fungus, wheat was degraded and more water soluble substances like phenolics, sugars, organic acids and pigments were released [3]. Same concentration (10 mg/ml) of each freeze-dried extract was prepared in water and TPC was compared.