We express deep gratitude to Cal Fremling for pioneering work on Pool 6. The authors thank Carol Jefferson for continuing Fremling’s work and inspiring A.J.’s pursuit of science. Thanks to the USGS UMESC and
USACE UMRR-EMP LTRMP for making data available, and to two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the draft manuscript. This work was partially supported by a grant to A.J. from UNC Charlotte. “
“Upstream of a dam the river gradient is reduced and the cross section area increased creating a low-energy impoundment. A river’s sediment load (i.e., the solid discharge CHIR-99021 in vivo having units of mass time−1) can be effectively trapped within the impoundment. Thus the dam impoundment may contain a more continuous BMS-387032 sediment
deposit compared to other fluvial subenvironments. In the conterminous United States subaqueous sedimentation, including within impoundments, is greater than subaerial colluvial and alluvial sedimentation (Renwick et al., 2005). In some cases impoundment sediment has less mixing and greater sedimentation rates than sedimentation in natural lakes (Van Metre et al., 1997). Hence, the conditions within a dam impoundment can create a unique sediment deposit, well suited to recording past and present environmental conditions within the watershed. Natural floods and droughts can vary a river’s sediment load and lead to changes in sediment storage within the watershed (Kaushal et al., 2010). Human activities profoundly impact watersheds, causing many environmental changes, including changes to sediment load and sediment yield (i.e., mass flux having units of mass area−1 time−1).
Ureohydrolase A watershed’s sediment yield can vary as a result of human-induced deforestation, agriculture, construction practices and development of landscapes dominated by impervious surfaces (Wolman, 1967, Lees et al., 1997, Renwick et al., 2005, Syvitski et al., 2005 and Fitzpatrick and Knox, 2009). Worldwide, sediment yield has increased since the beginning of the industrial age (1850), but dams have caused the retention of sediment within impoundments (Syvitski et al., 2005). Through the study of the accumulated impoundment sediment it is possible to decipher land use changes and anthropogenic impacts (Arnason and Fletcher, 2003, Van Metre et al., 1997, Van Metre and Mahler, 2004 and Peck et al., 2007). Dam removal as a means of reestablishing connectivity in fluvial systems is occurring at an increasing rate, particularly in North America. Removing a dam from a river increases the stream’s erosive energy, causing the impounded sediment to be eroded and transported downstream (Peck and Kasper, 2013 and Greimann, 2013). Although dam removal provides many beneficial outcomes (American Rivers et al., 1999 and Krieger and Zawiski, 2013), it also destroys a potentially important and unique sediment archive of watershed dynamics.