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“Introduction Deforestation continues at a rate of 13 million hectares per year with devastating effects on biodiversity, particularly in the tropics. At the same time, afforestation and reforestation have led to an increase in forest and tree cover in some areas, lowering the global net forest loss to 7.3 million hectares per year (Bass 2004; Hecht et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2008). A subset of this forest resurgence includes the 139.1 million hectares of timber plantations that continue to expand at a rate of 2.6 million hectares per year (FAO 2006). As plantations become an increasingly ubiquitous land use, intense debate surrounds the extent to which these anthropogenic forests protect or degrade biodiversity (Norton 1998; Brockerhoff et al. 2008).