By comparison, increased acH3 in amygdala was more robust but also highly transient. The persistent decrease in acH3 in hippocampus may be pathological, since it is reversed by chronic fluoxetine administration. Consistent with this hypothesis, infusion of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MS-275 (100 mu M) into hippocampus reverses a defeat-induced deficit in sucrose preference, although it does not restore social interaction behavior. Next, different forms of social enrichment were examined with or without
hippocampal infusion of MS-275. After social stress, simple pair-housing with another male C57, or female C57, mouse does not reverse social avoidance. However, when HDAC inhibitors PLX-4720 purchase are infused into hippocampus during social housing with another male, social avoidance is attenuated. Interestingly, social avoidance is reversed when MS-275 is infused directly into amygdala. GDC-0973 research buy Together, these findings further support the antidepressant potential of HDAC inhibitors, and indicate that temporally overlapping environmental and molecular events are required to optimally reverse specific stress-induced behavioral symptoms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) proteins are traditionally considered intracellular antiviral proteins. However, several studies demonstrate a correlation between
the concentration of freely circulating OAS protein in sera from hepatitis C patients and their clinical prognosis. Here we demonstrate that extracellular OAS1 enters into cells and possesses a strong antiviral activity, both in vitro and in vivo, which is independent of RNase L. The OAS protein no directly inhibits viral proliferation and does not require the activation of known antiviral signaling pathways. We propose that OAS produced by cells infected with viruses is released to the extracellular space, where it acts as a paracrine antiviral agent. Thus, the OAS protein represents the first direct antiviral compound released by virus-infected cells.”
“Purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7 (P2RX7)
gene polymorphism, has been suggested to be associated with major depressive disorder (MOD). The association between P2RX7 gene polymorphism and remission after serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not previously been studied. The aims of the present study were to test for an association between P2RX7 polymorphisms GIn460Arg (rs2230912) and His155Tyr (rs208294) and MDD in two patient populations compared to controls. The first patient sample consisted of 119 subjects with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, who were treated with ECT and the second of 99 depressive outpatients treated with SSRI. Genotype frequencies were also compared between remitters (Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) <8) and non-remitters (defined as MADRS > 
to SSRI or ECT treatment.