Here we investigated the insecticidal activity of plant essential oils from Corymbia citriodora, Croton sonderianus, Cymbopogon martini, Lippia alba, L. gracilis, L. sidoides and Pogostemon cablin on N. corniger. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicity bioassays were performed by a topical application of the essential oils on the termites. Mortality was evaluated at 4, 24 and 48 h after the bioassays
were conducted. The essential oils featured the following major compounds: AZD6244 in vitro citronellal and citronellol (C. citriodora); geraniol (C. martini); bicyclogermacrene and a-pinene (C. sonderianus); carvone and limonene (L. alba); carvacrol and methyl thymol (L. gracilis); thymol, rho-cymene and methyl thymol ether (L. sidoides); and patchoulol, alpha-bulnesene and alpha-guaiene
(P. cablin). The lowest LD50 and LD90 (mu g of oil/mg of N. corniger) were observed for P. cablin (0.37 and 0.85, respectively) and L sidoides (0.38 and 1.98, respectively), while C. sonderianus was least toxic (9.48 and 38.43, respectively). All essential oils were more toxic to the workers than to the soldiers. The oils from P. cablin and L. sidoides were up to 25 times more toxic than the oil from C. sonderianus. These results show that the essential oils from P. cablin and L. sidoides may be promising for further Selleckchem LDN-193189 studies aiming the control of termites in the field. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The incidence of chronic osteomyelitis is increasing because of the prevalence of predisposing conditions such as diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. The increased availability of sensitive imaging tests, such as
magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy, has improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to characterize the infection. Plain radiography is a useful initial investigation to identify alternative diagnoses and potential complications. Direct sampling of the wound for culture and antimicrobial sensitivity is essential to target treatment. The increased incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. complicates antibiotic selection. Surgical debridement is usually necessary in chronic cases. The recurrence rate remains selleck chemicals high despite surgical intervention and long-term antibiotic therapy. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children typically can be treated with a four-week course of antibiotics. In adults, the duration of antibiotic treatment for chronic osteomyelitis is typically several weeks longer. In both situations, however, empiric antibiotic coverage for S. aureus is indicated. (Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(9):1027-1033. (C) Copyright 2011 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“The application of MRI as a non-invasive, quantitative tool for diagnosing lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is currently an area of active research.