It is a progressive process, and not categorized as a disease, unless it interferes with the normal function of the organs. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most prevalent ageing diseases, and are examples of the tissue impairment by ageing.11 One of the characteristics of ageing is the acceleration of production of glycated proteins and accumulation of them in different tissues. Glycated proteins form aggregations, which are insoluble and resistant to degradation in comparison to non-glycated proteins.2,12 Advanced Glycation End Products and Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia in elderly people.13 Approximately four million people in #this website keyword# the United
States
have AD, and this number is expected to increase Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by 2050. The prevalence of AD amongst people aged 85 years or older is estimated to increase seven-fold from 1980 to 2050, however, this rise is slower in people from the age of 65-74 years during the period of 1980 to 2050.14 Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by initial mild memory impairment, and progresses to the loss of mental and physical activities. The cognitive decline is associated with widespread loss of synapses, neuronal cell death and the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, markers of AD. Advanced Glycation End Products modification and resulting cross-linking of protein deposits were observed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to occur in both plaques and tangles.15 Advanced Glycation End Products Receptor For the first time in 1992, macrophages were described to uptake AGEs via a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical specific receptor called Advanced Glycation End Products Receptor (RAGE).16 The receptor has been identified in monocytes, macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, neurons as well as smooth muscle and endothelial cells.17 Different AGE modified proteins such as AGEs and β-sheet fibrils like amyloid proteins and other ligand families such as high-mobility-group B and S100/calgranulin were identified as ligands of RAGE.16 Ability to bind to different families of ligands is
a unique characteristic of RAGE.18 It is referred to as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pattern recognition receptor . The interaction between RAGE and AGEs is a complicated only process, which has been shown to be a cause of problems in different ageing related diseases. It is also known as scavenger receptor in microglia cells.17 Increased expression levels of RAGE were found in the optic nerve of AD patients in proximity to astrocytes.19 While there are many studies regarding AGEs, there is not much information about the receptors. The current data show that glycated modified protein binding to RAGE triggers some components of different signalling pathways. However, the complete network of signalling pathways is still unclear.20 The RAGE and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases The RAGE is a 35 kDa AGE-binding protein belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily.